Disposal Of Unused Medications ( Fda ) Essay - 969 Words

Background: Disposal of unused medications has grown into significant public health and environmental issue in the United States. If not disposed of properly, prescription and over-the-counter medications can pose a hazard to our environment, increase the chances of accidental poisoning or get into the hands of children or others who may abuse the drugs. In the last decade nearly 60% of Americans have reported use of prescription medication, and out of 4 billion medications sold about 40% of them end up unused.1 In order to prevent drug diversion and protect our environment the FDA scheduled take –back days and proposed safe and effective strategies of drug disposal. Response/Literature review For many years, limited options and lack of proper education on medication disposal have contributed to increasing rates of environmental pollution and drug abuse. In order to prevent accidental or intentional misuse of the drugs Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that consumers discard their unused medication immediately2. The most responsible and effective way to dispose of unwanted prescription is to drop it off at the local take –back program. Twice a year, the U.S Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) along with local hospitals and pharmacies hosts a Take –Back event, where consumers can drop off their medication, as well as any medical devices, sharps and needles. In addition, the Expanded Syringe Access Program (ESAP) has collaborated with law enforcement andShow MoreRelatedHow Is Prozac Getting Into Our Drinking Water?950 Words   |  4 Pagesour drinking water. Antidepressants such as Prozac are the most commonly prescribed medications in the United States. With approximately 250 million prescriptions filled annually, they also are the highest-documented drugs contaminating waterways. 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Water Is A Vital Resource - 1577 Words

Introduction â€Å"In spite of the fact that water is accessible on this planet in vast amount however it is not uniformly conveyed. It possesses 70% of earth surface from which 2.5% is viewed as fresh water and the staying 97.5% is exceptionally saline Ocean† (Lenine, 1983). â€Å"Appropriation of water has dependably been an issue all through the mankind s history. Appropriation is not an issue when item like water is accessible plentiful and each co-offer get his acceptable offer. It turns into an issue when water is hard to find, that prompts contradictions and question. Water has frequently been a wellspring of contention among shareholders. At the point when a debate emerges over water asset, peace can t be accomplished without determining the topic of water right† (Rajput, 2007). Water is a vital resource that supports all forms of life on earth. 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Evar From Diagnosis To Treatment Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(38) " was discharged without complication\." This essay will discourse a instance survey about an fanciful patient with AAA. The essay is divided into three chief subdivisions. It will foremost see the patient ‘s history, the initial trials undertaken, the imagination methods used and the result of each phase. We will write a custom essay sample on Evar From Diagnosis To Treatment Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It will so travel to depict the diagnosing and process of EVAR and in decision I will sum up the chief points. A 68 twelvemonth old male patient with a household history of AAA, who was a tobacco user and had a knee replacing 15 old ages ago, was referred by his GP to hold an X ray of the lumbar spinal column and pelvic girdle. . The clinical grounds for the X ray was that the patient had fallen down the stairs 2 hebdomads before and had a hurting in the lower dorsum and right hip. After warranting the request card and look intoing his inside informations, they did an AP and Lateral of his lumbar and an AP scrutiny of his pelvic girdle. And they sent him back to obtain the consequences from his GP after 10 yearss. The radiotherapist reported his diagnosing on the X raies and sent it back to the GP. There was an rating of the categorization in the venters and a suspected abdominal aortal aneurism. So the GP asked him to go to the surgery to discourse the x-ray consequence, and requested an ultrasound of venters to hold a better consequence and a unsmooth indicant of the internal diameter and a n accurate appraisal.The GP asked him to wait until he received an appointment missive from infirmary. After 4 hebdomads he had his assignment. The clinical indicant was categorization on the lumbar X ray, and a question sing an abdominal aneurism. The rating of the ultrasound scan was an abdominal aortic aneurism which was 4.5 centimeter. The bosom was normal in size. There was no grounds of any important mediastinal mass or lymph node expansion. The kidneys were normal in size. The radiotherapist recommended supervising the patient. He besides sent a study to the patient ‘s GP. Six months subsequently in Dec 2007, he attended his 2nd assignment for an ultrasound scan of his venters. There was a little addition in his aneurism. Therefore, a study was sent once more to his GP. The rating was a 4.7cm aortal aneurism. In April 2008 he had another scan which indicated a 5.2cm aneurism. The GP referred him to the vascular sawbones, because the size had reached an index diameter of 5cm.After four hebdomads he met the sawbones. He reviewed his medical history and discussed the x-ray and ultrasound consequence with him. He besides strongly advised him to discontinue smoke, because tobacco users are about 5 times every bit likely as non-smokers to endure from AAA ( Hafez 2008 ) . In November 2008, the aneurism was 5.6cm and fix was recommended by his sawbones. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.e-radiography.net/radrep/Vascular/Vascular_AAA_US_55mm/Vascular_AAA_US_55_long.jpg Radiological Report: US Abdominal Aorta: The maximal A.P. internal diameter of the abdominal aorta is 5.6 centimeter. Mural thrombus reduces the internal diameter to 2.0cms ( x-ray 2000 ) .A The Vascular sawbones discussed with the patient that he needs a surgery every bit shortly as possible, he besides explained the being of two possible methods of fix and outlined the major hazards and benefits of each. He besides explained the possible complications associated with the process, including the hazard of endovascular leaks, the possibility of secondary intercession and the demand for lifelong follow up ( H. George Burkit 2007 ) . He offered him an EVAR surgery, so he was referred to hold a CT scan with clinical indicant of EVAR 5.6cm in ultrasound scan. A Week after he had a CT angiogram aorta. The Radiographer asked him if he has allergy to any contrast media or kidney job. Then he had an IV injection of dye in his arm. The sawbones received the study from Radiologist a few yearss subsequently. Evaluation of CT scan was a 6.2cm infrarenal AAA with a satisfactory cervix of 2cm and good possible common iliac set downing zones suited for EVAR ( Bhattacharya V 2007 ) . He was asked to go to a pre-operative appraisal clinic to run into his sawbones and other members of clinical squad. Two hebdomads subsequently in pre-op they took his medical history and the name of all medicine he used and carried out a physical scrutiny. The surgical squad carried out a figure of trials include blood trial and chest X ray to do certain that he is healthy plenty to hold an anesthetic and surgery. And advised him what he needs to make for admittance twenty-four hours. trials Normal Laboratory Test Values ‘ Patients result Red blood cells 3.8 M/mcL to 5.6 M/mcL 4.6 M/mcL. White blood cells 3.8 K/mm^ to 11.0 K/mm 6 k/mm. Hemoglobin 11 g/dL to 18 g/dL 13 g/dl Hematocrit 34 % to 54 % 38 % Blood urea N mg/dL to 0.4 mg/dL 6 mg/dL to 23 mg/dL Bilirubin, direct 0.0 15mg/dl Bilirubin entire 0.2 mg/dL to 1.4 mg/dL 0.2 milligram /dL Creatinine 0.6 mg/dL to 1.5 mg/dL 0.7 mg/dL On admittance twenty-four hours which was hebdomad subsequently, he was seen by the nurse, sawbones and anesthesiologist. Then vascular sawbones went through the questionnaire which was about his past medical history and process once more, and explained the hazard and benefit of making the operation. He took his consent and asked him to subscribe the consent signifier. He was taken to the theater and the anesthesiologist gave him a general aneaestatic. Aneurysm fix was performed and after the process, he was taken to the intensive attention unit for recovery. He made good recovery and was discharged on the fifth postoperative twenty-four hours. Complete recovery was 3 months. After 2nd postoperative yearss he had CT angiography In order to observe any complication. There was no grounds of endoleak detected during arterial stage scanning or after a 2-min hold. The patient was discharged without complication. You read "Evar From Diagnosis To Treatment Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Follow-up CT angiography was performed at 1 month and five month. Then every twelvemonth after that, to do certain there are non any jobs. Discussion: An aneurism is a weak country in aorta. If a blood vas weakens, it starts to bloat like a balloon and becomes remarkably large. If an aneurism signifiers on the abdominal aorta and grows excessively large, the aorta might rupture or tear ( Upchurch and Schaub April 1, 2006, Heather 2008 ) . The most common aneurism is abdominal aortal aneurisms, is below the beginning of the arterias to the kidneys.In work forces, the maximal normal aortal diameter at this degree is about 2.5 centimeter. An aorta that is 3 centimeter or more in diameter at this degree qualifies as being aneurysmal. The happening of AAA varies harmonizing to ethnicity, age and gender. Work force are six times more likely to be affected than adult females. At the age of 65 old ages, 3 % of work forces will hold an AAA. The popularity so increases with age to make about 8 % at the age of 80. AAAs represents about 98 % of aneurism of the whole aorta ( Hafez 2008 and Sparks et al 2002 ) . Any aneurism wider than 5.5 centimeter should be operated upon electively ( Raymond 2006 and Dillon et al 2010 ) .Abdominal aortal aneurism is normally symptomless. Smoke and high blood force per unit area are most of import hazard factors ( patient brochure 2009 and Hafez 2008 ) . Approximately 80 % of patients who present with a ruptured abdominal aortal aneurisms have no old diagnosing. When rupture occurs, mortality is really high ( Scot et al 2008 and Philip et al 2009 ) . On physical scrutiny, AAAs with 3 to 3.9 centimeter scope is tangible 29 % of the clip, compared with those with an AAA more than 5 centimeter. which can be palpated 76 % of the clip ( Gilbert et al 2008 ) . Once the size reaches an index diameter of 5 to 5.5cm or is seen to spread out more than 0.5cm in a twelvemonth needs to mention to vascular sawbones ( H. George Burkit 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Robert et Al 2008 if the abdominal aortal aneurism expands by more than 0.6 to 0.8cm per twelvemonth, fix is normally recommended. The trials were included: Arterial Blood Gas ( ABG ) degrees, to supervise oxygenation, airing, and acerb base position. Complete blood count to supervise Red blood cell, White blood cell ( WBC ) , and thrombocyte counts altered hemoglobin degrees and haematocrit reflect any blood loss and the O transporting ability of the blood. An elevated WBC count reflects an inflammatory response. Serum electrolyte panel-monitors fluid, electrolyte, and acerb base position Serum creatinine and blood urea N ( BUN ) degrees, to supervise nephritic map. Blood curdling surveies to supervise curdling. Urinalysis to supervise nephritic position including secernment and concentration Blood cross fiting necessary for blood replacing Electrocardiography ( ECG ) to look into cardiac alterations associated with ischaemia Chest X ray may uncover abnormalcies of the thorax, bosom and lungs ( Holloway 2004 ) . MRSA Scan to fix his tegument and cut down the likeliness of infection ( trust protocol ) . Patients are normally current or anterior tobacco users and frequently have a history of high blood pressure. Most abdominal aortal aneurisms remain asymptomatic until they rupture, but some are detected by the way either on scrutiny or when the patient undergoes imaging for other grounds. On scrutiny a pulsatile, expandable cardinal abdominal mass may be detected supplying the patient is non grossly corpulent. The femoral and popliteal pulsations should be checked for associated aneurisms ( Scott et al 2004 and Rosalyn 2006 and Louise and Anderson 2001 ) . Compared with unfastened surgery, EVAR has lower operative mortality, lower morbidity, and shorter length of infirmary stay and greater likeliness of discharge to place than unfastened surgery ( Schermerhorn 2009 ) Two option of operation are unfastened fix, where an scratch is made in the venters, and endovascular aneurism fix, where the aneurism is repaired by go throughing instruments through one of the venas ( NHS Choice 2010 ) . Patient demands to hold CT angiogram to cognize if he is suited for EVAR. Because of the form of aneurysm some people are non suited for EVAR Otherwise he should hold unfastened surgery ( NICE 2006 ) . CT is the following measure to assist find which intervention should be used.Serial CT scans can be used to conceive of the proximal cervix ( the passage between the normal and aneurysmal aorta ) , the extension to the iliac arterias, and the patency of the splanchnic arterias. They can besides mensurate the thickness of the mural thrombus. With 3-dimensional imagination, coiling CT and CT angiography can supply extra anatomical inside informations, particularly utile if endovascular process is considered ( Macari et al 2001 ) .The ground of holding CT compared with aortography and MRI is, widespread Availability, systematically consistent consequences, and a comparative cost ( Sparks et al 2002 ) . Elective surgery is to mend an aorta. The sawbones will cover a little metal tubing, which is known as a stent-graft and will attach that to a catheter. The catheter is infixing into one of the arterias in the inguen around the femoral arterias, before being moved up to the site of the aneurism. He will attach the stent-graft to the interior of the aorta with pins, which strengthened the walls of the aorta. The catheter so will be removed. The process will be guided utilizing intensifier x-ray machine and radiographer will take images step by measure. An X-ray imagination process is executing to look into whether the stent transplant is decently placed. The cut will be closed with stitches and a dressing will be placed over the stitches. ( Bupa ‘s Health Information Team 2010 and book ) . X raies of the venters shows Ca sedimentations in the aneurism wall, but we can non see the size and extent of aneurism therefore Ultrasound has approximately 98 % truth in mensurating the size of the aneurism, and is safe and non-invasive. Ultrasonography normally gives a clear image of the size of an aneurism. For surgical fix be aftering ultrasound can non accurately place the extent of the aneurism. Computerized imaging of the venters is extremely accurate in finding the size and extent of the aneurism, and its relation to the nephritic arterias. However, computerized imaging uses high doses of radiation and for rating of blood vass, requires endovenous dye. This carries some hazard including allergic reaction to the dye and annoyance of the kidneys. In patients with kidney diseases, the physician may see an MRA, which is a survey of the aorta and the other arterias utilizing MRI scanning. Both computerized imaging and MRI are effectual for diagnosing. In this instance because pa tient had Knee replacing and no allergic to dye CT is best option. Screening may cut down the incidence of aortal rupture, particularly if applied to bad groups. Erstwhile ultrasound showing for AAA is recommended for all work forces aged a†°?65 old ages and household history of AAA ( NHS Screening plan 2010 ) . Decision: Abdominal aorta aneurism ( AAA ) is a dilation of the aorta. This is about 3 centimeters in most people. Strong hazard factors are cigarette smoke, familial or household history, increased age, male sex, inborn and connective tissue upsets. Diagnostic factors include abdominal, back, or inguen hurting, pulsatile abdominal mass and hypotension. Diagnostic trials are including Plain X ray of venters, Ultrasound, CT scan, MRI and aortography.There are two option for Treatments of Abdominal aortal aneurism which includes unfastened fix and Endovascular aneurysm fix, depending on patient status. REFRENCESS: Upchurch, Jr. G.R. ( M.D. ) and Schaub, T.A. ( M.D. ) ( April 1, 2006 ) ‘Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm ‘ American Family Physician online. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aafp.org/afp/20060401/1198.html [ Accessed 16/2/2011 ] Heather, B. P. ( 2008 ) ‘Abdominal aortal aneurisms, testing and the jurisprudence ‘ AvMA Medical A ; Legal Journal. Volume 14 Number 2 online. Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //cr.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/14/2/65 [ accessed 12/1/211 ] Mayo clinical staff, ( June 23, 2010 ) , Abdominal ultrasound, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research ( MFMER ) online. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mayoclinic.com/health/abdominal-ultrasoundWhat you can expect/ , MY00076/DSECTION=what-you-can-expect [ accessed 23/1/2011 ] RUH, ( 2006 ) ` Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Patient Information` Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ruh.nhs.uk/patients/services/vascular, [ accessed 21st DEC 2010 ] Vikram, D. and Deborah J. R, ( 2004 ) Ultrasound secrets. Philadelphia: Name of publishing house VeriMed Healthcare Network, ( 2009 ) Abdominal aortal aneurism. Medline plus Medical Encyclopaedia. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000162.htm. [ Accessed 12/1/211 ] Hafez, H ( 2008 ) Clinical Risk `Abdominal aortal aneurism disease: wellness hazards, direction and screening` 14: 208-210 DOI: 10.1258/cr.2008.080076 online available from hypertext transfer protocol: //atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/4/764 [ accessed 24/1/2011 ] Robert K. S, Roberta L. H, Katherine E. 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( 2010 ) Endovascular intervention for ruptured abdominal aortal aneurism, The Cochrane Collaboration, Cochrane, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005261.html [ accessed 12/12/2010 ] PATIENT INFORMATION BOOKLET ( 2009 ) Endovascular Stent Grafts: A intervention for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms, Medtronic, Vol 302, No. 18 Davarn, S. ( MD ) Reardon, R. ( MD ) Joing, S. ( MD ) ( 2008 ) Academic Emergency Medicine, Volume 14, Issue 4, Article foremost published online: available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1197/j.aem.2007.01.001/pdf, [ accessed 06/01/2011 ] Baker, P. E. A ; Kumar Ramnarine, V. ( February 2009 ) Development and Application of an Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Model, ultrasound, Leicester NHS Trust, N Volume 17 N Number 1, online available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //ult.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/17/1/30 [ accessed 12/01/2011 ] Upchurch Jr, G. R. ( MD ) Longo, C. ( MD ) Rectenwald, J.E. ( MD ) ( March 2008 ) Abdominal aortal aneurism, Geriatrics Volume 63. Number 3 Kahan, S. Raves, J. J. ( 2004 ) In a Page Surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams A ; Wilkins, SPARKS, A.R. ( M.D. ) JOHNSON, P. L. ( M.D. ) and MEYER, M. C. ( M.D. ) ( APRIL 15, 2002, ) Imagination of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms, AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN, VOLUME 65, NUMBER 8University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, Kansas available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.e-radiography.net/articles/Aortic % 20Anneurysm % 20imaging.pdf [ accessed 21/02/2011 ] Burkitt, G. H. Quick, C.R.G. Reed, J.B. , ( 2007 ) , Essential surgery: jobs, diagnosing and direction, Churchill Livingston Elsevier Follow diary format above ZOLER, M. L. ( 2006 ) , Formulas Identify Best Patients for AAA Repair. Internal medical specialty News, available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.internalmedicinenews.com/index.php? id=495 A ; cHash=071010 A ; tx_ttnews [ tt_news ] =11658 [ accessed 19/02/2011 ] Heather, B. P. ( 2008 ) Abdominal aortal aneurisms, testing and the jurisprudence, AvMA Medical A ; Legal Journal, Volume 14 Number 2 online available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //cr.rsmjournals.com/content/vol14/issue2/ [ accessed 12/12/2010 ] GAILA HOODA IRWIN RN, CEN, BSNA ( February 2007 ) , A How to protect a patient with aortal aneurism Volume 37A Number 2, PagesA 36A online available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nursingcenter.com/prodev/ce_article.asp? tid=693846 [ accessed 26/12/2010 ] Macari, M. , ( MD ) , Israel, G. M. ( MD ) , Berman, P. ( BA ) Lisi, M. ( BA ) Anuj J. Tolia, BA, Mark Adelman, MD, Alec J. Megibow, MD, MPH, August 2001 Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic, Aneurysms at Multi-Detector, Row CT Angiography: Intravascular Enhancement without a Timing Acquisition1, 520 omega Radiology Macari et Al, Volume 220 omega Number 2 online available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //radiology.rsna.org/content/220/2/519.full [ accessed 16/02/2011 ] NICE ( 2006 ) , Royal United Hospital Bath, NHS, Endovascular Aneurysm Repair Patient Information, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ruh.nhs.uk/patients/services/vascular/documents/Endovascular_Aneurysm_Repair_Patient_Information.pdf, [ accessed 21st DEC 2010 ] Schermerhorn, M. ( MD ) Discussant ( November 2009 ) , American Medical Association. Vol 302, No. 18, online available at hypertext transfer protocol: //jama.ama-assn.org/content/302/18/2015.full.pdf+html, [ accessed 14/2/2011 ] Anderson, L. A. ( MS, RN ) ( 2001 ) , Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR Nursing, Volume 15 – Issue 4 – pp 1-14 online, available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //journals.lww.com/jcnjournal/Abstract/2001/07000/Abdominal_Aortic_Aneurysm.2.aspx [ accessed 13/01/2011 ] Gendreau, R. ( 2006 ) Is it a kidney rock or abdominal aortal aneurism? : Name of journal Volume 36 – Issue 5 – P 22-24, on-line available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //journals.lww.com/nursing/Fulltext/2006/04001/Is_it_a_kidney_stone_or_abdominal_aortic_aneurysm_.8.aspx [ accessed 20/12/2010 ] Baker, L. A Anderson, E. ( May 2010 ) ; Abdominal aortal aneurism: simple showing could salvage lives, Primary attention nurse practician, Generations Family Health Centre, Norwich, CT, American Journal for Nurse Practitioners ( AM J NURSE PRACT ) , 2010 May ; 14 ( 5 ) : 29-34 ( 27 ref ) , journal article – pictorial, tables/charts. Online available from: Health Information Resources once National Library for Health, cinhal, [ accessed 18/02/2011 ] NHS Choice ( 2010 ) , Screening programmes, Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, NHS Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening Programme, online available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //aaa.screening.nhs.uk/ [ accessed 01/12/2010 ] Screening programmes, Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, NHS Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening Programme 2010 Produced by COI for the NHS,401590/C 1p December 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //aaa.screening.nhs.uk/ david.colbourn @ bcu.ac.uk How to cite Evar From Diagnosis To Treatment Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

People Culture and Contemporary Leadership -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePeople Culture and Contemporary Leadership forGrowth. Answer: Introduction In the modern era, effective leadership skills play a vital role in growth and development of an individual(Ward 2016). Nowadays, many businesses focus on enhancing the leadership skills of workers so that smooth flow of all operations and activities can be achieved(Tourish 2014). Leadership practices also assist companies in motivating employees and directing their efforts towards the accomplishment of common goals and objectives. The present essay outlines the overview of leadership and theories linked with the concept. In addition to this, my style of leadership and its effectiveness is also highlighted in this report. I have used different types of questionnaires and classroom activities to analyze the overall effectiveness of my leadership style. What is leadership Leadership can be defined as the process in which various tools, techniques, and strategies are employed by a leader to lead and manage the team of people working in an organization(Siegling, Nielsen Petrides 2014). A good leader always encourages team members to give their best towards the accomplishment of business goals and objectives. In todays corporate scenario, leadership has become essential for companies as there are different types of benefits associated with the same(Renko et al. 2015). For example, leaders help in initiating actions, motivating others, building morale and developing coordination among team mates. A leader also plays vital role in designing and maintaining a healthy work environment by resolving issues and conflicts between people working in an organization. To gain insight into the overall concept of leadership, various theories can be taken into consideration. For example, the trait theory of leadership emphasizes on the fact that leaders are born, or there are certain qualities which are inherited by people which make them a leader(Ramchunder Martins 2014). Furthermore, the theory explains that there are certain behavioral characteristics can be commonly found in almost every leader(Northouse 2015). Some common traits of leaders which are highlighted by trait theory include energy, creativity, innovative, business knowledge, honesty and emotional intelligence. Questionnaires Completed I have completed different types of the questionnaire, and this was important because it has helped me to get insight into my leadership style. I was required to answer different sets of questions linked to various aspects of leadership. For instance, I was required to provide my opinion to questions such as is supervision of employee within the workplace is essential or not. In addition to this, the questionnaire has also supported me in identifying the key areas where I was lacking. From the information collected, one strengthens his/her existing leadership skills, and overcome key weakness concerning leadership(Nahavandi 2016). Another benefit of using questionnaire is that it has helped me to improve the way in which I used to communicate with others. Apart from this, it has also highlighted different tools and strategies which I can use to motivate and inspire other staff members working with me. I have completed various questionnaires linked with leadership, and now I can handle and manage changes more efficiently. These all things will directly contribute to individuals overall professional development and will also them to become a highly motivating leader in the long run(Ljungholm 2014). Gibbs Model Learning The Gibbs model or reflective cycle emphasize on six major elements which are mentioned below as: Description- I have filled various questionnaires, and I have also attended different class activities to gain insight into my existing leadership style and its effectiveness. Feelings- At the time of attending class sessions and filling questionnaire I was a little bit worried about getting negative outcomes. However, my experience and knowledge have supported me in staying calm during the process. Evaluation It can be expressed that the entire experience was quite good and I have learned a lot of things about the overall aspect of leadership. For example, it has supported me in knowing that effective leaders are the one who changes their styles as per need and demand of the situation. Analysis- It has been analyzed that I am required to work in some areas to enhance my overall leadership skills. It will also assist in getting better opportunities for personal and professional development(Mugridge 2013). Conclusion Apart from attending class room sessions and filling up the questionnaire, I believe that strategies such as feedback from seniors and coworkers would have been taken. The rationale behind this is that the feedback would have provided me with more relevant and accurate information about my leadership. Action plan I will be using the recommendations and information from questionnaire and class room activities to deal with leadership issues in future. Class Activities The class activities consist of various sessions in which different case scenarios were provided to us. We were required to analyze every situation in the best possible manner. Furthermore, based on our analysis we were required to take corrective actions. The class activities have helped me to developed strong coordination with my fellow team members. At the same time, it has supported me in getting knowledge about my existing style of leadership. During the class room activities, I was required to write some comments on different statements which were linked with the overall concept of leadership. This activity has helped me in explore my knowledge base and skill set about the aspects of leadership. Various types of leadership games and activities were carried out during the classroom session(Goleman, Boyatzis McKee 2013). The result of this is that these sessions have helped me to identify and understand the fact that at present, I am not a great or effective leader. The rationale behind this is I am a democratic leader, and I always prefer to consider the views and opinions of my team mates before making any decisions. In some class activities, fast decision making was required and taking suggestion from other team mates results in delaying the entire process of decision making(Eisenbeiss Brodbeck 2014). Thus, the classroom activities have helped me to understand the fact that it is not useful for a leader to stick to one particular style of leadership and he/she should adopt the style of leadership as per situations and conditions. Own Development Areas Various developmental areas are present where I need to focus on so that I can efficiently perform as a leader and in turn, the performance of my entire team can be easily enhanced with the help of this. No doubt, to become successful leader various traits and attributes are needed which improves individual efficiency to perform as a leader and in turn leads to better results(Daft 2014). My developmental areas involve working on the skills that are not present in me. I lack some skills and particular knowledge due to which my performance declines at the time of working as a leader. Firstly I need to develop time management as it is a well-known fact that leader has to carry out various activities and they have to be managed in particular period. So, this area still requires development where I am unable to manage time as per the tasks that I have to carry out on a daily basis, and it directly leads to delay. Further, I am not able to prioritize which activities are necessary that I need to focus on for enhancing the performance of my entire team. Another area in which improvement is needed is linked with planning where I am not able to plan all the activities properly. It is the moral responsibility of every leader to plan all the key activities properly so that they can be carried out efficiently(Colbert, Barrick Bradley 2014). Stress management is also one of the crucial areas where I need to work upon. In many situations, I have found that situation of stress arises due to which my motivation level declines. Due to this reason, I have to prepare myself so that I can properly deal with stress and this can assist in making me a successful leader. All these development areas are most crucial for a leader as it is a well-known fact that leader must have skills such as stress management, time management, planning, etc., so that contribution of an individual is maximum in the business affairs(Bird Mendenhall 2016). Due to this reason I have realized the importance of working in this area so that shortly my performance as a leader can be enhanced easily and in short period. Further, it has been analyzed that no leader is 100% efficient by skills and knowledge where some areas are present where an individual has to improve. For enhancing time management skills, I will prepare a time table for two months regularly where I will prioritize tasks that need to be conducted by me. For enhancing my planning skills, I will take advice from other leaders to know how they plan and for enhancing stress management skills I will read various books, articles and will indulge myself regularly into the situations that lead to stress. So, this will result in improvement. Type of leader am I and areas of Improvement At present, according to me, I am a democratic leader who prefers to take advice from the team members on a continuous basis. At the time of conducting any particular task I involve every team member and with the help of a motivational tool such as reward, bonus scheme I ensure that every member is actively participating in the company affairs. Further, I am a self-motivated leader who can handle critical situation in an easy was as many time some situations are faced where I am not able to perform better so with the help of self-motivation it becomes easy for me to maintain my performance. I always prefer to take advice from others, and this leads to my personal development. Working as a democratic leader, I have gained trust and confidence of all my team members where they prefer work with me, and they are my real strength. Apart from this, I am a good communicator where my team members are easily able to understand the information and thoughts shared by me. I prefer to interact with my team members orally, and I encourage two-way interaction where I gave more chance to my team so that they can quickly present their views and ideas. The range of skills present in myself makes me an effective leader. Critical thinking as one of the skill makes me different from others where it directly contributes in handling various situations in the better manner(Antonakis 2017). The situations that are adverse allow me to think critically and through this best possible solution is identified about the problem being faced within the workplace(Bolman Deal 2017). Further, I am an honest and ethical leader who takes every decision keeping in view the expectations of all the team members. Till now I have not faced any situation where I was biased and due to this reason team performance declined. Some areas are present where I need to improve. At the moment, I am a democratic leader, but I want to translate myself into situational leader where there is a need that I must act as per the situation. The reason behind the same is that in many cases democratic style fails as dependency on the team members is high and this sometimes leads to decline in the overall performance of the team. So, I want to translate myself where in some critical situation I will decide by the situation and will encourage my team members to act accordingly. Conclusion The entire study carried out has supported in knowing my leadership practice. Further, the skills and attributes that I posses are most crucial and they must be present in a successful leader. As a democratic leader I prefer to involve my team members in every affair, and this enhances the team performance. But I need to transform myself into a situational leader so that I can take appropriate decisions by situations faced. Apart from this, my development areas involve focusing on time, stress management and planning skills. I have received feedback from the questionnaire which I have prepared, and through this, I will work on the development areas. References Antonakis, J 2017, The nature of leadership, Sage publications, California. Bird, A Mendenhall, ME 2016, 'From cross-cultural management to global leadership: Evolution and adaptation', Journal of World Business, vol 51, no. 1, pp. 115-126. Bolman, LG Deal, TE 2017, Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership, New Jersey, John Wiley Sons. Colbert, A, Barrick, MR Bradley, BH 2014, ' Personality and leadership composition in top management teams: Implications for organizational effectiveness', Personnel Psychology, vol 67, no. 2, pp. 351-387. Daft, RL 2014, The leadership experience, Cengage Learning, Massachusetts. Eisenbeiss, SA Brodbeck, F 2014, 'Ethical and unethical leadership: A cross-cultural and cross-sectoral analysis', Journal of Business Ethics, vol 122, no. 2, pp. 343-359. Goleman, D, Boyatzis, RE McKee, A 2013, Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence, Harvard Business Press, Massachusetts. Ljungholm, DP 2014, ' Transformational leadership behavior in public sector organizations', Contemp. Readings L. Soc. Just., , vol 6, p. 76. Mugridge, RL 2013, 'Book Review: The Next Library Leadership: Attributes of Academic and Public Library Directors', Library Resources Technical Services, vol 50, no. 2, p. 146. Nahavandi, A 2016, The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition, Pearson, London. Northouse, PG 2015, Leadership: Theory and practice, Sage publications, California. Ramchunder, Y Martins, N 2014, ' The role of self-efficacy, emotional intelligence and leadership style as attributes of leadership effectiveness.', SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, vol 40, no. 1, pp. 1-111. Renko, M, El Tarabishy, A, Carsrud, AL Brnnback, M 2015, 'Understanding and measuring entrepreneurial leadership style', Journal of Small Business Management, vol 53, no. 1, pp. 54-74. Siegling, AB, Nielsen, C Petrides, KV 2014, 'Trait emotional intelligence and leadership in a European multinational company', Personality and Individual Differences, vol 65, pp. 65-68. Tourish, D 2014, 'Leadership, more or less? A processual, communication perspective on the role of agency in leadership theory', Leadership, vol 10, no. 1, pp. 79-98. Ward, J 2016, Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continuing growth, profitability, and family leadership, Springer, Berlin.

Slavery As A Cruel Institution Essays - Slavery In The United States

Slavery as a Cruel Institution Cruelty can be defined as an inhumane action done to an individual or group of people that causes either physical or mental harm. Slavery, at its very core, was a cruel and inhumane institution. From the idea behind it to the way that it was enforced, it degraded the lives of human beings and forbade the basic liberties that every man deserves under the Constitution of the United States. Three major areas where cruelty was especially prevalent were in the slaves working conditions, living conditions, and loss of fundamental freedoms. Working conditions for slaves were about as bad as can possibly be imagined. Slaves worked from dawn till dusk and sometimes even longer. Solomon Northrup describes his experience as a slave on his Louisiana plantation: The hands are required to be in the cotton field as soon as it is light in the morning and with the exception of ten or fifteen minutes, which is given them at noon to swallow their allowance of cold bacon, they are not permitted a moment idle until it is too dark to see, and when the moon is full, they often times labor till the middle of the night (Northrup 15). The slaves lived in constant fear of punishment while at work, and it was that fear that drove them to obey. Northrup continues to say that, No matter how fatigued and weary he may bea slave never approaches the gin-house with his basket of cotton but with fear. If it falls short in weightif he has not performed the full task appointed him, he knows he must suffer (10). He goes on to explain that after weighing, follow the whippings (10). This was not the end of the workday for a common slave though. Each slave had his or her own respective chores to do. One feeds the mules, another the swineanother cuts the wood, and so forth (Northrop 11). Then there were jobs to do in the slaves quarters, jobs that were necessary for their basic needs and survival: Finally, at a late hour, they reach the quarters, sleepy and overcome with the long days toil. Then a fire must be kindled in the cabin, the corn ground in the small hand-mill, and supper, and dinner for the next day in the field prepared (Northrup 12). The slaves got very little sleep because, an hour before day light the horn is blown, and it was an offense invariably followed by flogging, to be found at the quarters after daybreak (Northrup 14). Then the fears and labors of another day begin; and until its close there is no such thing as rest (Northrup 14). After an extremely difficult day of labor, the cruelty continued when the slaves returned to housing that could be described as inadequate at best. Jacob Stroyer, one of fifteen children, was born on a plantation in South Carolina in 1849. He relates the conditions that his family lived in: Most of the cabins in the time of slavery were built so as to contain two families; some had partitions, while others had none. When there were no partitions each family would fit up its own part as it could; sometimes they got old boards and nailed them up, stuffing the cracks with rags; when they could not get boards they hung up old clothes (Stroyer 14). Families were forced to live under less than ideal conditions, and sleeping was a challenge: When the family increased the children all slept together, both boys and girls, until one got married; then a part of another cabin was assigned to that one, but the rest would have to remain with their mother and father, as in childhood, unless they could get with some of their relatives or friends who had small families, or unless they were sold (Stroyer 14). The hot summer months made it impossible to sleep indoors so, when it was too warm for them to sleep comfortably, they all slept under trees until it grew too cold (Stroyer 16). Francis Henderson was another slave who, after escaping from a slave plantation outside of Washington, D.C. at the age of 19, described living conditions on his plantation: Our houses were but log huts- - the tops

United Nations Human Rights Council

United Nations Human Rights Council Introduction The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is an inter-governmental organization and an organ of the United Nations; all members of the United Nations members are members of UNHRC, the council seat, however, has a membership of 47 countries and it is charged with the responsibility of promoting and protecting human rights across the world, it fundamentally addresses matters concerning human rights violations.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on United Nations Human Rights Council specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More United Nation Human Rights Council was established on 15 march, 2006 by the UN General Assembly primarily to replace the United Nation High Commission on Human Rights which had been ineffective in solving the human rights issues and also due to the fact that several of its membership were perceived to be human rights abusers. The United Nations Commission for Human Rights was criticized for its effectiveness since it dwelt too much on the Israel situation at the expense of the other human rights issues. UNHCR was also criticized for its politicization and double standards in handling the Israel situation. The membership of the council was 47 states and was geographically distributed according to regions and continents. The distribution was 13 countries from African continent, 13 countries were from Asia, and 6 came from Eastern Europe, 8 from the Latin America and the Caribbean and 7 countries were from Western Europe. The threshold for calling sessions was placed at one third of the membership and could sit not less than three sessions per year. The status of the council was to be reviewed by the Security Council at the intervals of five years (Matas 10) The members of the United Nation General Assembly meet to vote for those who can occupy the forty seven main seats in the council. The term of each member state in the council serves for a two-three year term. The me mbers who are elected to the council should uphold the highest standards in the protection of human rights. All the united Nation members are eligible for election into the council provided they receive an absolute majority of the votes and they should be nominated by their blocs or regions.Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The members that presently seat in the council are Africa; Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Djibouti, Gabon, Ghana, Libya, Mauritania, Mauritius, Nigeria, Uganda, Senegal and Zambia. Asian countries in the council are; Bahrain, Bangladesh, China, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia, Maldives, Kyrgyzstan, Thailand, republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Pakistan. Eastern Europe: Hungary, Poland, republic of Moldova, Russian federation, Slovakia and Ukraine; the countries from Western Europe are Belgium, France, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, United K ingdom and united states. Those from Latin America and the Caribbean are Argentina Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico and Uruguay (Blanchfield 5). The UNHRC has been relentless in condemning the state of Israel, majority of the resolutions have been targeting Israel which is a perceived violator of human rights and had became a permanent feature in each of the council’s session. Other countries that have been condemned by the UNHRC are Sudan, Iran. The development of bloc voting has made the council a political instrument and it has attracted criticism from other states. This idea of voting along blocs has enhanced a unity of convenience between the nations of Africa and those of Middle East; they are often supported by the China, Russia and Cuba, this complicates the objectivity of the council. Under the statutes of UNHRC, a council member can have its rights and privileges suspended by the council when it is found to have continuously violated human rights espe cially when it is serving its term in the membership. The process of suspension of a council member requires the endorsement of two thirds majority of the general assembly vote. The recent example is the suspension of Libya which was unanimous. The mission of the UNHRC is to act as the main UN Avenue that states get to cooperate and dialogue on issues of human rights; it enables member states to deliver on their human rights obligations through dialogue, capacity building and technical assistance. The UNHRC also make suggestion to the general assembly when there is need for an international law in the field of human rights.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on United Nations Human Rights Council specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently through the universal periodic review, the UNHRC assess the review and the progress of human rights in the 192 UN member states, it can also act as an advisory committee capable of providing advice on particular topical human rights issues. The UNHRC also acts as a complaints committee through which non-governmental organizations, individuals and member states channel their complaints (Arroba 66-85). The mandate and the structure of UNHRC Under the resolution A/RES/60/251 that gave birth to the UNHRC, the following was deemed to be its mandate; The UNHRC is aimed at promoting human rights education, advisory services, technical assistance and capacity building. The UNHRC is also expected to serve as a forum for debate and dialogue on topical human rights issues and to facilitate the generation of international human rights law to be forwarded to the UN General Assembly. The UNHRC is also tasked with the responsibility of promoting full implementation of the human rights obligation of the member states and also to ensure that states adhere to human rights commitments seriously that may arise from human rights summits and conferences. Structure of UNHRC On the structure of the UNHRC, the council holds an organizational meeting at the inception of each year; these elections are presided over by the president and the four vice-presidents each representing a regional bloc in the council. The president and the vice-president form what is referred as the council bureau which is charged with the responsibility of procedural and organizational issues that relate to the council. The council bureau members elect the president from among them selves. The seat of the council is in Geneva Switzerland where the members meet three times in one year for duration of 10 weeks. The council can also hold special session when a member state makes a request, the special session should be sanctioned by a third of the members (Blanchfield 7). On its reporting, the council submits its annual reports to the UN General Assembly, consequently the council, after every five years should review and report its work and functions to the general assembly. Under the U NHRC the following are issues considered to fall in its premise of human rights: Adequate housing, business and human rights, children; the rights of children include violence against children.Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Children trafficking and the basic rights of the child, civil and political rights, climate change, communication, cultural rights, democracy, detention, good governance and debt, disability and human rights, disappearance, discrimination, education, food, freedom of expression and opinion , freedom of religion and belief, HIV/AIDS, mercenary, indigenous groups, internal displacement, poverty and health among others. (UNHRC 1) The UNHRC enjoys a high profile as compared to its predecessor, the UNCHR because it is an organ of the United Nations General Assembly (Terlingen 12). The funding of UNHRC The major contributor to the monetary account of UNHRC is the USA, the congress for example have demanded that 2% of the UN regular budget should be dedicated to UNHRC. The USA congress has however sought to limit the US funding to the council because they still doubt its effectiveness (Blanchfield 12). UNHRC in the international relations UNHRC has been instrumental in the structuring of i nternational system, the United States immediately after joining, made it a signature of its piece of diplomacy. Several resolutions of the council have been favorable as well as unfavorable depending on the item of deliberation. The USA for example celebrated the outcome of the vote on banning any form of discrimination based on sexual orientation and the sanctioning of Iran. The US have used the UNHRC firmly to push for its objectives, this however does not erase the fact that the USA especially the Obama administration have been firmly supportive of the course of the council. The USA has effectively used the council to press for hard sanctions against Libya and Iran. Following the adoption of the universal declaration of human rights in 1948, several states have attached primacy to it. They have included it in their national constitutions, consequently the universal declaration of human rights led to the emergence of human rights institutions in the world to monitor and safeguard the upholding of the similar rights. In the international arenas, states have reneged on their promise of upholding, promoting and protecting human rights and now they have turned to be principal breakers or violators. The greatest field of concern in the dimension of human rights is the compliance factor. The establishment of the international criminal court was considered the best alternative fro those who violate the international human rights norms. The commitment by states to the compliance to human rights is demonstrated by its ability to; first is that it should ratify all human rights treaty, second is the fulfillment of reporting and acceding to the request by the supervisory bodies and third is the implementation of norms in their domestic law. Matters of Human rights have had primacy in the 21st century. The influence of the United National Human Rights Council has been taken seriously by States; states have incorporated matters of human rights in their foreign policy do cuments and agendas. The donor countries have consistently opted to using human rights record as a requisite when they want to allocate foreign aid whether military or economic, the issue of democracy and good governance has been made mandatory for any state to receive donor funding. This has been one of the effective ways of ensuring that human rights are protected. Consequently the UNHRC has been instrumental in whipping states against violation of human rights. The suspension of Libya was unanimous and required no vote. It sent a note that states that violate the universal human rights have no place in the international arena. It was the first time that a state had been suspended from the UNHRC since its inception. The suspension of a country, however, does not necessarily remove it from the UNHRC but will only hinder it from participating in its activities until that time that the General Assembly determines the fate of its reinstatement (Blanchfield 14). The project of UNHRC Th e introduction of the Universal Periodic Review by the UNHRC is considered one of the important projects. The Universal periodical Review analyses the status of countries’ human rights record. The UPR is universal and reliable. This has been considered the best way of defeating double standard in the identification of countries to be examined. The UPR calls on all the membership states to cooperate since failures comply may warrant an expulsion from the council which some states term as an embarrassing act (Arroba 73). Successes of the Council After its creation in 2006, the council has attempted to overcome obstacles that plagued the previous UNHCR which had been widely criticized, this is despite the fact that it is too early to criticize or to praise it. The main activity of the body at the present is to structure the council. The council being an organ of the UN General Assembly has managed to overcome the notion of protecting national sovereignty that has been a creation of states and a scapegoat against interference by any international body on the internal affairs of the state. The states have been using the privileges of national sovereignty to trample upon the rights of its citizens. The UNHRC therefore has managed to balance national sovereignty and the protection of human rights. This dilemma had complicated the work of the previous commission in the western Darfur region of Sudan where the Sudanese government felt that external intervention amounts to the violation of its national sovereignty. Being an organ of the General Assembly therefore has made the council more effective in its role to placing betterment of the world and the protection of human rights at the forefront over national interest (Arroba 80). The failures of UNHRC on its mission The UNHRC has been criticized for paying too much focus on the Israel in most of its sittings; this has been done at the expense of other human rights violation around the globe like in Darfur, Iraq and Zimbabwe. The failures of the UNHRC have been catastrophic and open to see, first to begin with, the Universal Periodic Review has not been universal in form; the continuous singling out of Israel in its objectives has led to its diminishing influence. Consequently, the universal periodic review which is global and covers all the global corners and not only the members of the council as it may be thought, it does not however include observers and this technically excludes the Palestinian Authority, this is considered an element of bias against Israel. Also the scrutiny of the human rights record of the member states annually as been considered a failure in the effectiveness of UNHRC. The pace amounts to sixteen countries per session and with three sessions per year; the scrutiny cycle takes four years to cover the 192 countries. Furthermore, the parameters of the review have been criticized; UNHRC bases its review on the information contained in treaty bodies. This implies that the blatant violators of human rights which sign few or no treaties at all will have little scope for review whereas the states which have demonstrate greatest respect for Human rights by ratifying many treaties will have a big scope for review, this creates bias against those who demonstrate high degree for the promotion and protection of human rights (Terlingen 43). Obstacles facing UNHRC The perception of member states that national interest takes precedence human rights issues has emerged the major challenge facing the council. Members states vote on the items of the UNHRC only based on their self interest. Consequently, the UNHRC is ineffective in discharging its duties. Since it is the organ of the UN, it falls under the command of the Security Council which is the supreme organ of the UN; as such its role is only to advice and not to act or command. Unless the Security Council agrees to any intervention the UNHRC may not act to prevent human rights violations (Arroba 1). Ther e have been criticisms of the council based on the notion that the council is politicized. This is due to the fact that it has allowed the membership of undemocratic and human rights abusers like Libya, China, and Cuba to join it. This casts aspersion on its role in protecting human rights (Carlsnaes and Simmons 155). My suggestions The report on the human rights situation in the Palestine territories should also include all human rights violations that were committed by the both parties and not to only concentrate on the human rights violations committed by Israel. This is an arbitrary and discriminatory. I also suggest that Israel becomes part of the regional bloc; being a member of the UN since 1948 and its denial to join one of the regional groupings is doing a disfavor to the state of Israel. In the UNHRC, it is the regional blocs who nominate and also vote for any member to any of the committees in the United Nations. Its rejection by states from the regional blocs meant that Israel can not qualify to be elected in one of the committees of UN since no regional bloc can forward or nominate Israel for election. This has been largely associated with the continuous condemnation of Israel by UN institutions. The Israel could have belonged to the Asian bloc but the Arabic countries have vehemently rejected it, no other bloc could allow Israel into its grouping because groupings operate via consensus. This has the effect of excluding Israel from UNHRC deliberation even if it is the main item on the agenda and hence makes it a target of manifest prejudice. I strongly suggest that bloc voting be abandoned completely; this will help in achieving the intended objectives of the council. Vote bloc is the best way of curtailing the dominance and the hegemony of the Organization of the Islamic countries (OIC). This however seems a mirage since almost all the regional blocs have perfected the art of voting as a bloc as show of solidarity, besides the OIC, European Union have perfected voting as a bloc to strengthen their union (Matas 10). Leadership from democratic countries; there has been lack of leadership in the council especially a leader from that countries that have an excellent human rights record. The voting regime has been detrimental to the objective of getting a able, and democratic leader, this is because unlike in other UN agencies who have devised a voting pattern that is based, the UNHRC votes based on blocs and whichever bloc that has a lot of members will be the winner and in this has been to the advantage of the OIC. Arroba, Angel. The New United Nations Human Rights Council: What Has Changed? What Can Change? WEBASA, 2006. Web. Blanchfield, Luisa. United Nations Human Rights Council: Issues for Congress. New York: DIANE Publishing, 2002. Print. Carlsnaes, Walter and Simmons, Beth. Handbook of International Relations. New York: SAGE, 2010. Print. Matas, David. Reforming the â€Å"Reformed† United Nations Human Rights Cou ncil. Institute of International Affairs of B’nai Brith Canada, 2009.Web. Terlingen, Yvonne. The Human Rights Council: A New Era in UN Human Rights Work. UNACHINA, 2007. Web. UNHRC. United Nations Human Rights Council. UNHRC, 2011. Web.

North American Studies - Borders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

North American Studies - Borders - Essay Example Ed Tom Bell, Anton Chighur and Llewelyn Moss are the three central characters upon which the events of the story revolve. The three characters present the first feature of border fiction in McCarthy’s story. The first is Sheriff Ed, the existentially bemused man. Sheriff Ed Tom Bell tries to make sense of the mayhem that originates from his square presence in the corridor of cross-border drug trade. The other character is a Vietnam vet called Llewellyn Moss. Moss skirts between amorality and morality. He is the first to appear at the novel scene by first taking advantage of valuables he tumbles across in his hunting escapades. Upon returning home with the collected $2 million, Moss goes back to the wilderness to offer help to the wounded man he had left pleading for water (Sanborn, 2009). The chase for Moss begins here and the rest of the book centers on his search and pursuit. The third character in the novel is Anton Chirugh, a ruthless murderer whose actions are motivated b y a mixture of probabilistic chance and psychotic fury. Upon the chase of Moss, the novel tests the moral sense of all the people involved in Moss’ life. The borderline between the United States becomes a mere symbol of sovereignty discontinuation. The principles and values of living within the two countries become merged and seems one in the novel. There is no much distinction in character traits of the people involved in the story. Moss becomes increasingly desperate as the drug barons intensify his search. He senses that the rugged, tough life he experienced during the Vietnamese war might not be sufficient o see him through the pursuit of the drug masters (Worthington, 2009). His wife, Carla Jean, is torn between her desire to protect her husband and loyalty to him and her vague sense that her husband might have been overpowered and outwitted. Although the thought of Chirugh outmatching her husband was still alien to her, Cara becomes intense at the thought of the indiscr iminate killings and decisions of one’s fate by the toss of a coin in the event that he could find her husband. She also gets weary that Sheriff Ed had become incessantly appalled at the depravity and started to feel pained helplessness (King, Rick & Jim, 2010). Sheriff Ed Bell continually meets actions or circumstances on part of other characters that serve to upend or underline his moral sense. This alternately narrates and soliloquizes the story and themes without clear construction and pattern. No Country for Old Men portrays more than just borderline of sovereignties between Mexico and United States. The narrative tells of the stereotype of traditional western hero in Sheriff Ed Tom Bell. The novel says much of the life of the Sheriff in the West. He says he was a sheriff of the United States at the age of 25 years. He says, contrary to what many people would think that his father too was in the same line of profession, Sheriff Ed’s father and grandfather were law yers. In this part of the novel, the Sheriff acknowledges that he is part of tradition, the tradition of lawmen in his family. Through the Sheriff, the author brings about three significant changes in community perspectives. First, 1980s saw a change of Western frontier from a traditional view as the Wild West to a tamed modern West where power was no longer fought for by angry tycoons, was settled and populated, and legal order was already established. Secondly,

Personal Development As A First Line Manager Assignment

Personal Development As A First Line Manager - Assignment Example The plan enables an individual to align his/her personal goals with the organizational goals. This assists the individual in improving his/her work performance. Thus this personal development benefits the organization by improving its performance in the short term as well as in the long-term (The Keynote Project, 2002). The personal development goals will indirectly lead to the fulfillment of the goals set by the school. The personal goals I have set for achieving are related to the improvement of my work performance. The objective of acquiring event management skills helps them acquire skills that would enable me to efficiently manage and arrange school events. Thus meeting the organization's objective of providing good quality educational service of which such entertainment is a part. Also implementing and learning how to manage the Inventory control system named jump-stock would assist me in taking care of canteen inventory and other school supplies inventory (Burg, 2013). This ef ficient and faster management of inventory will assist the organization in running its operations most effectively. Therefore, providing high quality educational service with added school facilities and attracting more customers leading to increasing sales. Improving time management skills, stress management and financial skills will assist me in carrying out my responsibilities effectively. Financial skill would help me identify if there had been any glitches in the financial records of the facilities. Time management could help me complete work responsibilities before time and with highest work quality. Stress management could assist me in handling difficult situations with intelligence and thus help the organization run its operations most effectively. I plan to enhance these skills by taking a Stress Management training Diploma Course offered by The Stress Consultancy and Open Learning Institute (Stress Management Training, n.d.). Writing and speaking skills and improving relati ons with subordinates pertains to enhancing communication skills. The former will aid in becoming proficient in speaking and writing, thus helping in getting the message across within or outside school effectively. The latter would support in developing friendly relations with subordinates and detecting any conflicts/issues with them and taking an immediate action. This leads to increased motivation among employees and increased efficiency in school facilities provision. So effective communication helps the organization achieve high sales, lower cost, higher profitability and high quality service objectives. Learning how to operate knowledge management system also brings company to achieving the same objectives mentioned above. This is because knowing how to use and implement this system in facilities department could help in better decision-making. I identified numerous learning and development opportunities that would assist in achieving my personal development goals. The reason i s the nature of the goals themselves. All the goals could be achieved either by taking the relevant courses online or attending workshops, keeping a log and relevant notes from these courses/workshops. Learning from all these relevant courses and workshops is essential in acquiring the relevant skills since they add value to my work at school as Facilities Manager Assistant. These courses would help me move forward with my plan and thus enhance my work performance for my and company's benefit. I will review the progress of my plan on monthly basis. This will enable me to see how far along have I achieved my objectives. If needed, I will be able to

European exploration and overseas expansion Essay

European exploration and overseas expansion - Essay Example Firstly, the Europeans had desire for wealth and power. At the onset of exploration, many of these countries were weak economically, due to wars. Those in authority felt there were vast opportunities for wealth generation in the New World (Streich 1). This prompted the leaders to fund exploration in search of gold, spices, and other trade goods to sustain their ailing economy (Streich 1). This led to scramble for colonies, and they sent the wealth back to their countries. Secondly, there was religious interest. European had desire to spread Christianity to people throughout the world to counter the influence of Muslims. They also wanted to wipe the Muslims out of their territories. Thirdly, there was an improvement in the technology. The Europeans developed sailing ships with better navigation equipments (Streich 1). This made them able to move to various parts of the world. There was also development of more accurate maps. (Streich 1). Â  The Europeans expansion and exploration had a profound effect to those involved. The effects were immediate and long term. In the short term, the Portuguese built trading sites in West Africa, and some of them made Africa their home (McCannon 250-256). Secondly, there was a discovery of the new sea routes. In the long term, the Europeans competed to establish colonies. Secondly, there was also the expansion of wealth and power. Thirdly, there was the rise of the Transatlantic Trade that involved Europe, Africa, and America (McCannon 253).

Analysing two primary ways of occurring international business

Analysing two primary ways of occurring international business International business is the core theme in conducting business in current era of globalization. In the competitive environment, businesses are competing at global level. In international business a company can engaged in either of the two ways such as import or export. Import and export are the two basic and primary ways of conducting the business (Dunning, 2007). Whenever a company engages into the international business, there are lot many factors which impact the business. Hence there are advantages and disadvantages of both import and export. Considering this view, this assignment report addresses the critical analysis of two primary ways of occurring international business and respective advantages and disadvantages. In addition to this the assignment report also discusses the international and free trade (Fortanier, 2008). Ways of Occurring International Business: Researcher identifies that there are two primary ways of conducting international business: import and export. In import a company or individual purchase the goods outside the country of origin and sold out in domestic country. On the other hand whenever a company or individual produces the product/goods in the country of origin or domestic country and sold out in foreign company (Gupta and Govindarajan, 2008). In both ways there are several factors which have greater impact and influence on international business practice. In addition there are several advantages and disadvantages of import and export. The term export refers to the shipping of goods and services outside the port of a country (Hennart, 2004). Whenever a seller sells such goods, it is known as exporter and whenever a person purchase the goods or services outside the country then it is known as importer. In the international business, the term export means selling the goods and services outside the home country and vic e a versa. Except some goods or services, any products and goods can be exported to other country. The distribution of exported goods is undertaken by the domestic trader in which the goods are exported (Hennart, 2006). It is required to have the involvement of custom authorities while exporting the commercial quantities of goods in both the country of import and country of export. Due to the low value trades, the small trade over the internet such e-bay and Amazon is usually by-pass through custom. Therefore the export is subject to legal and formal restriction by the country of export to safeguard the interest of domestic producers (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 2008). The counterpart of export is known as import. The transaction of goods and services from resident to non resident is also known as national account export. National accountant therefore sometimes need to make some adjustments of basic trade data and hence the basic trade data requires the statistical analysis. it is different from the coverage of national accounts as the data for international trade is usually obtained from the custom service in the respective country. In case any country consists of general trade then the goods exported or imported in the country are recorded on respective dates. On the other hand in case a company uses special trade system in which the goods are received in warehouses then the goods are not recorded as external trade till the time goods are sent to the free trade zone (Jones, 2006). In free trade zone developed with in the country, some of the goods move freely without any custom, control or statistics in the trade of goods. This is also true in ca se of goods are transferred between the member states. Banks are responsible for the statistical recording for the trade in services and these data points are then reported to the central bank. It is not only applicable for only export but also for the import. In the globalization, the services are provided outside the country electronically such as via internet, therefore it is difficult to measure the amount earned is such cases (Nelson and Winter, 2007). Some basic information or statistics in international trade is normally avoided such as smuggled goods or international flow of illegal services. In the official trade such of type of goods and services is not accounted. Commercial policy and international trade is one of the oldest and most famous branches of international business and thought of economics. Export and import are the major components of the international business. Economists are generally discusses the macro economic risks and benefits of export and import. In presenting the different perspectives, there the two different views such as determining the benefits of international trade and concerning the possibly that the domestic industries may be influenced through international trade (Jones, 2008). For example if an importer imports the electronic goods from china then it is 3 to 4 times cheaper than the domestic producers products. Then the market for the domestic players can be captured by the importers products and the domestic labor will get crushed by the international player. In order to safeguard the interest of domestic market, the government has imposed some policies and duties on imported goods (Easterly, 2008). The export methods include the good or product which is being hand delivered, shipped via port or mailed through internet. The similar process is followed in importing the goods. Trade Regulations: Some of the natural regulations on import and export of goods are export administration regulation, bureau of industry and security, international tariffs, BIS regulation. In addition to this there are some commodities which need international license for import and export. These commodities includes, liquor, gold, tobacco, drugs etc. These regulations vary country to country. The exported or imported item falls under the specific product category and respectively the company can obtain the license. There are some restricted destinations which restricted for both the import and export such as Cuba, Sudan, North Korea, Pakistan, Syria and Iran since these countries promote the terrorist activity (Hennart, 2007). Trade Barriers: Government laws, regulation, policy and practices are generally known as trade barriers which are developed for safeguard the domestic products, labor and market from the foreign players or particular domestic products from the stimulating of artificial export. in order to restrict the business practices, there have been s similar effect which is not generally regarded as trade barrier. The government policies are imposed to protect the international exchange of goods and services in general common foreign trade barriers (Casson, 2008). Strategic: There are certain type of goods, services and information which is limited in the international trade for example goods which are associated with the weapons caused of mass destruction, arms, ammunition, advanced telecommunication, archaeological artifacts and all those items which are not in favor of the country. Some of the major example of these goods includes the nuclear suppliers group, missile technology and technological development (Dunning, 2006). Trade Tariffs: A trade tariff is the tax also known as economic barrier which is imposed by the local government on the items imported in the country. Whenever in the country the foreign competitors goods demand is rising and fallen the demand of domestic players then this tactic is used to safeguard the interest of domestic player. It is therefore the strategic reason to retain the domestic producers and increase their capability by providing them with subsidies and other support (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 2007). Advantages and Disadvantages of International Trade: There are some advantages and disadvantages of international trade for both the export and import. Advantages of Exporting: One of the major advantages of export is the ownership advantage which is specific to the firms international experience, asset and ability of the exporter to either develop the differentiated product or low cost product with in the values chain (Hertner and Jones, 2007). A combination of investment risk and market potential is k won as the location benefit of the particular market combination. In order to retain the core competencies within the organization and stitching it throughout the country without retaining the license, selling or outsourcing is the international advantage in export (Amatori and Jones, 2003). Some of the organizations having lower level of ownership advantage may do not enter into the foreign markets. In case a companys products and companys ownership equipped with the international advantage and ownership advantage, the entry can be made through low risk model known as exporting under the eclectic paradigm. There is low investment requires in exporting of goods than the other modes of international trade and expansion such foreign direct investment. Some how it is recognized that the lower level of risk result in ,lower level of rate of return than possibly the other modes of international trade (Khanna, 2007). On the other hand the usual return on international trade in export sales might not have greater potential but also there will be no risk. In export of goods the managers are allowed to exercise the various operational control however it does not have the option over the control of marketing activities of the company. The end consumer of exported goods is far away from the exporter though the various intermediaries can mange the risk (Jones, 2008). Disadvantages of Exporting: The exporting of goods is specifically difficult and disadvantageous for the small and medium size firms having employees less than 250. The sale of services and goods into the foreign market is difficult for them rather serving the domestic market. A lack of knowledge of different languages, difference in culture, exchange regulations and trade regulations having the major impact on exporting the goods for SMEs. In addition to this the staff interaction and strain of resources is a major block of exporting the goods. Despite this disadvantage, some of the SMEs are still exporting however two third of them sold out to the foreign markets (Jones, 2008). In addition to this there are some major disadvantages highlighted in the export of goods such as financial management, communication technology improvements, and customer demand and management mistakes. In order to minimize the risk of transaction process of exporting the goods and exchange rate fluctuation, it is essential to have more capacity for managing the financials for coping up the efforts (Nelson and Winter, 2007). Customers can now interact with the suppliers due to the recent development is the communication technology has improved the way of purchasing goods, since the communication is mush cheaper then what is was two decades ago. It leads more transparency in transaction and purchasing of goods and vendors are responsible for following the real time demand for submitting the transaction details (Hennart, 2007). The customers are becoming advance due to the improvement in the technology and they demand more support and services from the vendor such as startup and equip ment installation and startup, delivery service and maintenance which are difficult for the exporter to provide. There might be some pitfalls in the organization occurred by some of the management mistakes such as oversea a distributor, an agent or chaos in the global organization (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 2008). Advantages of Importing: Importing raw materials and goods is one of the paths of increasing the profit margins. There are number of benefits in importing the goods, such as high quality, low prices, and benefits related to the international trade. An importer can have the comparative advantage which means lower prices (Jones, 2006). Also the importer can have the much cheaper products from the foreign market due to low labor cost, low taxes etc. in terms of quality, the importer can have the higher quality goods and produce the finished goods with high quality and extend the business profit margins. In some countries, government provides the support to the importer for developing the trade relations (Nelson and Winter, 2007). Government provides the information of the manufactures and producers in the foreign country so that the importer can purchase the high quality and low price goods. Also due to the government involvement reduces the transaction risk. An importer can access to the regionally exclusive resources and cheap labor for producing the goods. These resources are required in the manufacturing process that have specialized skills and can be sound in certain countries. For example in electronic items, the Japanese people are highly efficient and manufacturer in UK use the labor from Japanese market for producing goods. The importing of resources includes everything starting from labor to technology (Fortanier, 2008). Disadvantages of Importing: There are many governments and economists who believe that the importing goods have numerous disadvantages. For example importing of goods could lead the erosion of the domestic markets and national economies specifically when there is trade deficit occur i.e. the import is higher than the export. Some of the goods like cars; appliances lead a higher level of domestic automobile and electronic markets and also loss of jobs in the respective markets (Hennart, 2007). Some other problems can also be increased due to import of goods such as conflict in the domestic values due to the acceptance of social values. The domestic industries can also be crippled due to the import of the countries where the wages are low and the domestic industries are unable to compete since they cannot lower down their prices of goods than the cost of goods and also they have the obligation to the worker union (Hertner and Jones, 2007). Free Trade Concept: The concept of free trade was introduced in the system to benefit the country and improving the condition of poor by providing them high quality and cheaper products. However as an economist, in my opinion free trade is erosion the domestic players for example if UK government lower the down the import duty on sugar then the demand for the imported sugar will increase and domestic player will not be able to compete with the foreign player (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 2008). On the other hand the economic category argues that free trade promote the environmental degradation, supporting the child labor, income inequality and wage labor, slavery, harming the national defense, enforcement of cultural change and accentuating the poverty in the country. The economists also argued that the importing goods under free trade are opposed by the domestic industries due to rise in competition in terms of product quality and cheaper prices (Nelson and Winter, 2007). A maximum exploitation of workers due to the free trade is also opposed by the socialists. Free trade generally do not reduce the poverty or improve the condition of working class in the country but frequently make them more poor. It also supports the colonialism and imperialism in the country. On the other hand I believe that in free trade consumer could gain more than the industrialists and the domestic producers are more likely to mobilize their products without lifting the tariffs (Jones, 2006). Conclusion and Suggestions: The competitive business environment enforces the businesses in both the international and domestic markets to retain their business and remain competitive. However depending on the need and potential of the business, it is essential to understand whether the company should indulge into the export or import activity (Gupta and Govindarajan, 2008). It is recommended to the businesses specially the medium and small companies to extend their business potential at domestic market first and then extend into the international market collaboration, joint venture or business partnership. Prosperity in the country cannot be achieved through protectionism since it increases only the poverty and also do not protect the domestic industries or jobs but harm the export business and industries which has belief on imports (Hennart, 2007).

McLean vs Arkansas Essay -- Creationism Creation Science

Science is a word that carries with it many meanings - knowledge, truth, a process of examination. But when it comes to setting a clear definition of the term, difficulties arise. Certainly physics is science, and theology isn't. But many disciplines are less intuitively dichotomized, such as the fields of psychology, history, ethics, and many others. Are these sciences? And while it may at first seem like a rather irrelevant issue only for lexicographers and philosophers, in fact the distinction between what is science and what is not is of great importance to society - for in the formation of the public school curriculum, the distinction between science, which must be taught, and religion, which must not be, is essential to keeping education both factual, up-to-date, and constitutional. The 1982 court case McLean vs. Arkansas put in the public spotlight just how important drawing the distinction is. In what has become a landmark case in the creation/evolution legal debate, the Arkansas legislature passed without debate a bill mandating that the state redraw its science education standards so to include in the state's public high school curricula the body of ideas known as "creationism" - the notion that Earth and its inhabitant life forms were formed in the same forms as they are seen today - alongside evolution - the mainstream view of biologists holding that life developed and diversified gradually over millions of successive generations. The concept of creationism has a strong religious history and very deep religious overtones, and the constitutionality of teaching the subject in a public school immediately was questioned. Called to preside over the resulting legal case was U.S. District Judge William Overton. Thu... ...of testability is unclear and the incorporation of unobserved elements is not unique to creationism, so this in and of itself is not a reason to exclude it from a curriculum - and as previously mentioned Darwin considered the two models of creation and evolution on equal scientific grounds in his arguments. Instead, creationism fails on account of the evidence against it. So in the end, while Overton's attempt to determine essential characteristics of science does not stand up to philosophical scrutiny, his decision was correct: creationism is not part of modern science, and does not belong in the modern classroom. Works Cited Gould, Stephen Jay. The Mismeasure of Man. W. W. Norton and Co.: New York, 1996. Kleppner, Daniel and Robert Kolenkow. An Introduction to Mechanics. McGraw-Hill, Inc: Boston, 1973. McLean v. Arkansas, US District Court. 1982.